Types and Shadows Reveal Jesus Christ in the Old Testament
You cannot understand Leviticus without Hebrews, or Revelation without Daniel or the Passover or Isaiah 53 without the gospel account of the crucifixion. The value of the study of the ‘types and antitypes’ is the proof they furnish of the inspiration of the scripture. Their study proves beyond question that the scriptures had but one Author, the Holy Spirit.
The typology of the Old Testament is the ‘picture language’ in which the doctrines of the New Testament, such as the Atonement, are prefigured. Paul gives the answer of what is meant by types in 1 Corinthians 10:1-11, verse 11 says:
Now all these things happened unto them for ensamples and they are written for our admonition (instruction), upon whom the ends of the world are come.
Of “whom” and of what “things” is Paul speaking? Of the children of Israel, and the “things” that happened to them from the time of their Egyptian bondage until they rached the Land of Promise. So, we see that while the old Testament is a record of the history of the children of Israel, the events of that ‘history’ are more than mere events; they are ‘typical’ of the ‘pland of salvation’ as revealed in the new Testament, and are neither “mythical” nor “allegorical,” but really happened to israel and were recorded for our instruction.
The Old Testament types are but shadows. There cannot be a shadow without some real thing to make it. A shadow is not the very image of the thing, for a shadow is out of proportion, and is an imperfect representation of the thing it reveals. So, the Old Testament types are shadows in the sense that they are not the real thing, and are but imperfect revelations of it.
A type then is some person, or event, or ceremony that is recorded to foreshadow some future person, or event, or ceremony. For illustration:
Typical persons: like Adam, Cain, Abel, Melchizedek, Abraham, Isaac, Joseph, Moses, Joshua, David, Jonah.
Typical events: like the flood, the plagues of Egypt, the Passover, the brazen serpent, crossing the Jordan, cities of refuge.
Typical ceremonies: like the offerings, feasts, Day of Atonement, etc.
Typical structures: like the ark, the tabernacle, etc.
Typical furniture: like the brazen altar, laver, seven branched candlestick, table of shewbread, altar of incense, ark of the covenant with its mercy seat.
Typical colors: like blue, red, white, purple, scarlet, green.
Typical numbers: like one, three, four, seven, twelve, forty.
In studying the types, the two comparative words “AS” and “So” are forcibly called to our attention. The word ‘as’ is used for the type, and the word ‘so’ for the antitype. The first is historic, while the second is prophetic. Examples:
AS in Adam all die, even SO in Christ shall all be made alive. 1 Cor. 15:22
AS the days of Noah were, SO shall also the coming of the Son of Man be. Matt. 24:37
AS Moses lifted up the serpent in the Wilderness, even SO must the son of Man be lifted up. Jn. 3:14-15
AS Jonah was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly, SO shall the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. Matt. 12:40
Here are some of the Old Testament types:
Abraham and Isaac are types of God and Christ.
Sarah and Mary are types for barren and virgin.
Eliezer is a type of the Holy Spirit.
Rebekah a type of the bride of Christ.
There are many, many types in the OT.
In our series we will look at:
Abagail
Job
Jonah
Joseph
Solomon
The Bronze Serpent
City of Refuge
Spiritual Rock
Many people enjoy reading about Jesus in the New Testament without knowing He’s revealed throughout the Old Testament in types and shadows. In the Bible, we have an account of someone finding Jesus and recognizing He is the Messiah. The person was Philip and he wanted his friend, Nathaniel, to meet Him too. When Philip spoke to Nathaniel, he revealed why he thought Jesus was the Messiah:
“We have found Him of whom Moses in the law, and also the Prophets, wrote—Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph.”
John 1:45
The “Law and the Prophets” was a title for the Old Testament before the New Testament was written. Philip understood the Old Testament was about Jesus, which is why he believed Jesus was the Messiah. He expected Nathaniel to be convinced He was the Messiah as well because he would also recognize Him as the One identified in the Law and the Prophets.
Jesus Said the Old Testament Is About Him
- Luke 24:27—“Beginning at Moses and all the Prophets, [Jesus] expounded to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning Himself.”
- Luke 24:44—“[Jesus] said, ‘All things must be fulfilled which were written in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms concerning Me.’”
- John 5:39, 46—”You search the Scriptures, for in them you think you have eternal life; and these are they which testify of Me…For if you believed Moses, you would believe Me; for he wrote about Me.”
- Hebrews 10:7—“[Jesus said,] ‘Behold, I have come—in the volume of the book it is written of Me.’”
Jesus Is Primarily Revealed Two Ways in the Old Testament
- There are prophecies of Him.
For example, these verses state He would:
- Be from the tribe of Judah (Genesis 49:10)
- Receive King David’s throne (2 Samuel 7:12-13)
- Be spat upon and beaten (Isaiah 50:6)
- Be silent in the face of accusations (Isaiah 53:7)
- Spend a season in Egypt (Hosea 11:1)
- Ride into Jerusalem on a donkey (Zechariah 9:9)
And the list goes on. And on. And on. Jesus fulfilled around 350 prophecies in His first coming, out of these prophecies twenty-one of them are in Genesis.
- Jesus is revealed through types and shadows:
- Hebrews 10:1 says, “The law [was only] a shadow of the good things to come instead of the true form of these realities” (ESV).
- Colossians 2:16-17 says a “festival or a new moon or sabbaths [are] a shadow of things to come, but the substance is of Christ.”
“Shadows” are a fitting way to describe the types of Christ in the Old Testament because shadows provide an idea of what something looks like without completely revealing the object. The Old Testament does this with Christ. A shadow is evidence that something is casting it, or in the case of Christ, it is Someone. Finally, nobody looks at a shadow and believes it is the real thing. Nobody sees the shadow of a tree or car and thinks it is a tree or car. Shadows have no substance. They are not the reality. In Colossians 2:17, Jesus is the substance and in Hebrews 10:1, He is the reality.
The New Testament identifies many types and shadows of Christ in the Old Testament
- Matthew 12:40 compares Jesus with Jonah: “For just as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.”
- John 3:14 compares Jesus with the Bronze Serpent
- : “As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up.” The bronze serpent looked forward to Christ redeeming us from the curse of the law.
Moses and the Serpent on the Pole
In His nighttime meeting with Nicodemus, Jesus told him, “As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up: That whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life” (John 3:14-15). The story of the serpent on the pole was a typology of Christ’s sacrifice for sinners. Here are some of the types and antitypes:
– When the people sinned by complaining against God, they were bitten by snakes and died
(Numbers 21:6); we have all sinned and will die as a result (Romans 3:23, 6:23).
– A bronze image of the destroying serpents was lifted up for the people’s healing (Numbers
21:8); Jesus was made “in the likeness of sinful flesh” (Romans 8:3) to heal the world
from sin.
– The bronze serpent was raised up on a wooden pole (Numbers 21:9); Jesus was lifted up on
a wooden cross (Luke 23:33).
– When people looked in faith at the serpent on the pole, they were healed (Numbers 21:9);
when we look in faith to Christ’s sacrificial death on the cross, we are saved (John 3:15-
16).
– The serpent on the pole was the only remedy from death (Numbers 21:8-9); Jesus is the
only remedy from eternal death (John 3:18).
– The bronze venomless snake symbolized a defeated foe; Jesus defeated Satan at the cross
(Colossians 2:14-15, Hebrews 2:14).
– The bronze serpent was a symbol of God’s wrath, the painful consequence of sin; Jesus’
death on the cross is a visual representation of God’s wrath against sin (1 Thessalonians
5:9, Romans 5:8-9).
More types and shadows of Christ:
- John 6:32-33 compares Jesus with the manna: “Moses did not give you the bread from heaven, but My Father gives you the true bread from heaven. For the bread of God is He who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world.”
- Romans 5:14 compares Jesus with Adam: “Adam is a type of Him who was to come.”
- First Corinthians 5:7 compares Jesus with the Passover Lamb: “For indeed Christ, our Passover, was sacrificed for us.”
- First Corinthians 10:4 compares Jesus, with the rock that accompanied Israel in the wilderness: “[Israel] drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them, and that Rock was Christ.”
- Hebrews 6:18 compares Jesus with the cities of refuge: “We who have fled for refuge might have strong encouragement to hold fast to the hope set before us.”
- Hebrews 10:20 compares Jesus’ body with the veil in the temple that when “torn” on the cross revealed the access believers have to the Father: “[We have] a new and living way [to God] which [Jesus] consecrated for us, through the veil, [which] is, His flesh.”
- Hebrews 11:17-19 compares Isaac with Jesus. When Abraham took Isaac to the mount to sacrifice him, it was a picture of God sacrificing His Son: “Abraham…offered up Isaac…He considered that God was able even to raise him from the dead.”
Certain people serve as types and shadows of Christ
- Joseph is a type and shadow of Jesus Christ
- Abigail is a type and shadow of Jesus Christ
- Job is a type and shadow of Jesus Christ
- Solomon is a type and shadow of Christ
- Elijah is a type and shadow of Christ
- Melchizedek is a type and shadow of Christ
Certain practices looked forward to Christ
The structure of the earthly sanctuary and its articles of furniture. It all pointed to Christ in some way. See the series done on the articles of furniture posted from October 23, 2022 through November 21, 2022. You can select posts by month/year in the sidebar.
Circumcision has its fulfillment in Christ because He helps us put off our sinful flesh: “In [Christ] you were circumcised… without hands by putting off… the flesh, by the circumcision of Christ” (Colossians 2:11). Hebrews 4:1-9 says the rest people enjoyed on the Sabbath was a picture of the true and greater rest that is found in Christ.
Miracles in the Old Testament prefigured miracles Jesus would perform in a greater way
- Moses unleashed ten judgments on one nation (Exodus 7–12), but Jesus will unleash twenty-one judgments on the whole earth: “And the kings of the earth, the great men, the rich men, the commanders, the mighty men, every slave and every free man, hid themselves in the caves and in the rocks of the mountains, and said to the mountains and rocks, ‘Fall on us and hide us from the face of Him who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb!’” (Revelation 6:15-16).
- When the Man of God healed King Jeroboam’s withered hand (1 Kings 13:4-6), it prefigured Jesus healing the man with the withered hand (Luke 6:10).
- God took Elijah up to heaven in a whirlwind (2 Kings 2:11), but Jesus ascended to heaven on His own (Acts 1:9).
- Elisha fed one hundred men with twenty loaves (2 Kings 4:42–44), but Jesus fed 5,000 and 4,000 men with five and seven loaves (Matthew 14:13–21 and 15:32–39).
- Elisha cleansed one man of leprosy (2 Kings 5:1–14), but Jesus cleansed ten men (Luke 17:11–19).
- Elisha knew what Gehazi had done (2 Kings 5:26), but Jesus knows what all men have done (John 2:24).
- Elisha’s death gave one person temporary life (2 Kings 13:21), but Jesus’ death gives many people eternal life (Romans 5:18).
What is the purpose of all the prophecies and shadows? To lead people to Christ! Jesus said, “All the prophets and the law prophesied until John” (Matthew 11:13). Jesus was veiled throughout the Old Testament in the types and shadows, but when John the Baptist arrived as Jesus’ forerunner, He was no longer veiled. John pointed at Him and said, “Behold! The Lamb of God Who takes away the sin of the world!” (John 1:29).
The Old Testament Serves as a Treasure Map to Jesus
Paul asked a question many people would answer incorrectly:
“What purpose then does the law serve?”
Galatians 3:19a
Typical answers would be something like, “To show you how to be a good person,” or “To help you get to heaven.” The law serves the opposite purpose! Instead of showing us how to be good, it shows us we are not good. When we become familiar with the law and see what it requires to be “good”—or righteous—we see we “have sinned and fall short of the glory of God” (Romans 3:23).
It was added because of transgressions, till the Seed (Jesus) should come…
Galatians 3:19b
The New Testament was written in Greek, and the word for “transgression” is parabasis, which means, “going over.” People transgress when they know where God has drawn the line, but they step over it anyway. Although, people can only transgress if they know where the line is drawn. The law reveals the line, and thereby also our transgressions. Romans 3:20 says, “for by the law is the knowledge of sin.” The law helps us see our need for a Savior by revealing our sinfulness to us. When we look at the standard the law sets, we see how far short we fall from keeping it.
Romans 5:20 says “the law entered that the offense might abound.” This does not mean God gave the law so we would sin more. Instead, God gave the law so our sins would become clear. They would seem to be “abounding” or springing up around us. In Romans 7:7, Paul said, “I would not have known sin except through the law. For I would not have known covetousness unless the law had said, ‘You shall not covet.’” Paul did not know he was sinning until he learned the law said not to covet!
The Law Reveals Our Need for the Savior
We naturally think we are good. Proverbs 16:2 and 21:2 say, “All the ways of a man are pure in his own eyes,” and Proverbs 30:12 says, “There is a generation that is pure in its own eyes, yet is not washed from its filthiness.” How could filthy people think they are pure? They are not familiar with God’s law that would reveal their filthiness to them. Jeremiah had one of the most painful ministries in Scripture because he addressed sinful people who thought they were good. Notice his and God’s efforts at reaching them:
- Jeremiah 2:23—[Jeremiah said], “How can you say, ‘I am not polluted, I have not gone after the Baals’? See your way in the valley; know what you have done: you are a swift dromedary breaking loose in her ways.” They thought they were not polluted, but they pursued idols like an animal in heat pursues a mate.
- Jeremiah 2:35—[God said], “Yet you say, ‘Because I am innocent, surely His anger shall turn from me.’ Behold, I will plead My case against you, because you say, ‘I have not sinned.’” God said He would judge them because they were sinners who said they were innocent.
The problem with people who think they are not sinners is they see no need for a Savior. People only want:
- A parachute when they know the plane is crashing
- A cure when they learn they have a disease
- The fire department when they know there is a fire
The law says, “Your plane is crashing… you have a disease… there is a fire!” This is what Jesus meant in Luke 5:31 when He said, “Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick.” People who think they are spiritually healthy do not recognize their need for Jesus. The law can show them they are spiritually sick.
Despite how important the law is, it does not serve the same purpose throughout our lives. Paul says it lasts until we come to faith in Jesus (the Seed).
But before faith came, we were kept under guard by the law, kept for the faith which would afterward be revealed.
Galatians 3:23
We should not interpret this literally to mean there was a time when there was not faith. Justified means “declared righteous,” and the law cannot justify us because we are too sinful to obey it perfectly; therefore, God graciously allows justification to take place by faith. He says to wretched sinners, “Because of your faith in My Son, I will give you His righteousness.” Sadly, those unfamiliar with the gospel claim they are righteous because of the way they live, but the way they live only demonstrates their unrighteousness.
Two thousand years before Christ came:
[Abraham] believed in the Lord, and He accounted it to him for righteousness.
Genesis 15:6
Abraham was justified by faith. Believers in the Old Testament looked forward to Christ’s coming like believers in the New Testament look back on Christ’s coming. “Before faith” means before people put their faith in Christ. Until then the law “held [them] in custody” (NIV) or “kept [them] captive and imprisoned” (ESV).
Therefore the law was our tutor to bring us to Christ, that we might be justified by faith.
Galatians 3:24
When people become Christians, the Old Testament served its purpose in being a tutor—or treasure map—that led them to Christ.
But after faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor.
Galatians 3:25
Just as “before faith came” meant before putting faith in Christ, “after faith has come” means after putting faith in Christ. At that point, we “no longer [need] a tutor,” because the law has served its purpose in our lives. The Old Testament served as a map to lead us to the treasure, which is Christ.
Don’t Miss the Treasure!
If you learned everything the Old Testament could teach—if you could recount every story, recite countless verses—but it did not lead you to Christ, then you have made the same mistake the religious leaders made in Jesus’ day. Jesus criticized them saying:
You search the Scriptures, for in them you think you have eternal life; and these are they which testify of Me… If you believed Moses, you would believe Me; for He wrote about Me.
John 5:39, 46